23.

Þá gengu regin öll / á rökstóla,

Then went reigns all / to their ruling seats,

• Þá  adv. then
• gengu 3pl. past. ganga ‎(singular past indicative gekk, plural past indicative gengu, past participle genginn) to go, walk
• regin regin n pl (plural only, Norse mythology) the gods, the ruling powers
• öll nom. n. pl. allr (not comparable) all, entire, whole
• á prep. onto +acc., on +dat.
• rökstóla =rök+stóla, acc. pl.
• rök n pl ‎(plurale tantum) judgement, doom
• stóll m (genitive stóls, plural stólar) a stool, chair, throne

ginnheilug goð, / ok um þat gættusk:

the high-holy gods / held council:

• ginnheilug =gin-heilǫg, nom. n. pl. gin-heilagr, a. most holy.
• goð nom. pl. goð n (genitive goðs, plural goð) (Heathenry) a god, deity (specifically of the Norse pantheon, but also of any god)
• ok conj ok and; bæði ok, both and (b er hann vitr ok framgjarn);
• um prep. +acc about around
• þat acc. n. sg. it
• gættusk mp. past 3pl. gæta ‎(singular past indicative gætti, plural past indicative gættu, past participle gættr) to watch, guard, take care of (in the mediopassive) to take counsel

hvárt skyldu æsir / afráð gjalda

whether Aesir should / sacrifice offer,

• hvárt neut. from ‘hvárr’, as interr. adv., whether, direct and indirect;
• skyldu verb 3rd pl perf ind act skulu shall
• æsir nom. pl. áss m (genitive ásar, plural æsir) (Norse mythology) one of the gods, Æsir
• afráð wiktionary
• afráð acc. sg. or pl. afráð payment ; gjalda afráð, to pay heavily, suffer severely af-ráð, n. payment; gjalda afráð, to pay heavily, suffer severely.
• gjalda inf. gjalda to repay, return; g gjöf við gjöf, to pay back gift for gift; g aptr, to restore, pay back;

eða skyldu goðin öll / gildi eiga.

or should gods all / the guilds own.

• eða hvárt … eða, whether (if) … or;
• goðin nom. pl. def.  goð n (genitive singular goðs, nominative plural goð) an idol, a pagan god
• öll adj pl neut acc allr all, entire, whole;
• gildi gildi, n. (1) payment, tribute (rare); (2) recompense, return/

  gildr (gild, gilt), a. (1) valued at (g. tveim mörkum); (2) of full value;

• eiga inf. own, possess

n-s	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	goð	goðið	goð	goðin
accusative	goð	goðið	goð	goðin
dative	goði	goðinu	goðum	goðunum
genitive	goðs	goðsins	goða	goðanna

22.

Heiði hana hétu, / hvars til húsa kom,

Heidi she hight, / to the house came

• Heiði Heiðr (Old Norse “fame”, in adjective form “bright, clear”) / noun pl acc heiðr bright, clear, cloudless; h himinn, clear sky; heiðar stjörnur, bright stars
• hana acc. f. sg. pron.
• hétu verb 3rd pl perf ind act heita to call give a name to; Grímni mik hétu, they called me G ; heitinn eptir e-m, called (named) after one;
• hvars adv hvars = hvar es, er, wheresoever
• til prep. (with genitive) to, towards
• húsa noun pl gen hús house
• kom 3sg. past koma to come (litlu síðarr kómu Finnar aptr heim);

völu velspá, / vitti hon ganda,

the wise volva, / woken she neighbours,

• völu acc. sg. vǫlva f (genitive vǫlu, plural vǫlur) völva; prophetess, seeress, witch
• velspá vel adv. (1) well  (2) easily (3) fully, amply, largely / acc. f. sg. spár, a. prophetic (í hjarta spás manns); cf. ‘forspár’, ‘veðrspár’.
• vitti 3sg. past vitta (-tta), v. poet. to bewitch, charm (vitti hon ganda).
• ganda acc. gen.  pl. gandr (-s, -ar), m. magic staff; renna göndum, to ride a witch-ride

seið hon hvars hon kunni, / seið hon hugleikin,

magic she knew, / magic she joyfully,

• seið verb 3rd sg perf ind act siða to improve, esp to reform the faith (s land, fólk); refl, siðast, to be improved, civilized (þar eptir siðaðist landit) / síða (síð; seið, siðum; siðinn), v. to work charms through ‘seiðr’ (þat er vá lítil, at vér síðim). / seiðr (gen. seiðs or seiðar), m. spell, charm, enchantment, incantation; seiða (efla, magna) seið, to work a spell, practise sorcery.
• hvars adv hvars = hvar es, wheresoever
• hugleikin adjective; nominative singular feminine of <hugleikinn> entranced, in a trance; intense(ly) — crazed / Alternatively, this could be two separate words, hug ‘spirit’ (object of seið) and leikin (past participle of leika ‘play’). hugr (-ar, -ir), m. (1) mind; í(2) mood, heart, temper, feel- ing; (3) de- sire, wish; leika (leik; lék, lékum; leikinn), v. (1) to play (2) to perform,

æ var hon angan / illrar brúðar.

friendly always / for angry maidens.

• æ  adv. ever, always; forever
• angan angan, f. sweet odour
• illrar adj sg fem gen illr ill, evil, bad;
• brúðar noun sg gen brúðr bride f.

21.

Þat man hon fólkvíg / fyrst í heimi,

She dispute remember, / the first in the home,

• Þat acc. n.
• man verb 3rd sg pres ind act muna to remember (mantu nökkut, hver orð ek hafða þar um? �at man ek görla); m langt fram, to remember far back; m til e-s, to have recollection of (spyrr Sveinn konungr, hvárt þeir muni til heitstrengingar sinnar) ; m e-m e-t, to remember a thing against one
• hon nom. f. sg.
• fólkvíg fólk n people / víg, n. (1) fight, battle;  (2) homicide, man-slaughter
• fyrst adv fyrst first;
• í prep í
• heimi noun sg dat heimr a place of abode, a region or world (níu man ek heima) ; spyrja e-n í hvern heim, to ask one freely;

er Gullveig / geirum studdu

when Gullveig / Geirum supported,

• Gullveig The etymology of the Old Norse name Gullveig is problematic. The first element, Gull-, means “gold”, yet the second element, veig, is murky (a situation shared with the Old Norse personal names Rannveig, Sölveig, and Thórveig). Veig may sometimes mean “alcoholic drink”, “power, strength”, and sometimes also “gold”. The name Heiðr (Old Norse “fame”, in adjective form “bright, clear”) is semantically related; scholar Rudolf Simek comments that although Gullveig’s name changes to Heiðr, the meaning still remains basically the same.[1] Heiðr is sometimes anglicized as Heith, Heid, or Heidi. / veig (pl. -ar), f. (1) strong beverage, drink (hann skal drekka dýrar veigar); (2) pith, strength (fór þat líð aptr, er honum, þótti minni veig í).
• geirum noun pl dat geirr m spear
• studdu verb 3rd pl perf ind act styðja to rest (one thing on another), esp so as to support oneself thereby; styðja (weak verb, third-person singular past indicative studdi, supine stutt) (transitive, governs the accusative) to support / stab or pierce

ok í höll Hárs / hana brendu;

and in Hárs hall / they burn her;

• í wiktionary
• í prep í [definition unavailable]
• höll noun sg dat. or acc.  höll f (genitive singular hallar, nominative plural hallir) palace
• Hárs adj sg masc gen  hárr, a. hoary, grey-haired. substantive
• hana acc. f. sg. her
• brendu 3pl. past brenna (strong verb, third-person singular past indicative brann, third-person plural past indicative brunnu, supine brunnið) (intransitive) to burn, to be on fire / Past ek   brenda, þú   brendir, hann brendi, vér  brendum, þér  brenduð, þeir brendu

þrysvar brendu / þrysvar borna,

three times burned / the three times born,

• þrysvar  adv. thrice, three times.
• brendu 3pl. past brenna
• borna acc. f. sg. borinn pres. part.  / bera

opt, ósjaldan, / þó hon enn lifir.

often, not seldom, / yet still she lives.

• opt adv opt often, frequently; compar, optarr, oftener; superl, optast, oftenest, most frequently
• ósjaldan sjaldan (sjaldnar, sjaldnast), adv. seldom (s. hefi ek aðra ha at skildi fyrir mér).
  not seldom, repeatedly / ó-, the negative prefix un-
• opt ósjaldan again and again
• þó conj. though, adv. still, yet
• hon nom. f. sg she
• enn enn (not comparable) yet, still
• lifir verb 3rd sg pres ind act lifa to be left (er þriðjungr lifði nætr); meðan öld lifir, while the world stands;

20.

Þaðan koma meyjar / margs vitandi

Thence comes maidens, / much knowing,

• Þaðan adv þaðan from there, thence
• koma verb 3rd pl pres ind act koma to come
• meyjar mær f (genitive meyjar, plural meyjar) maid, girl, virgin
• margs adj sg neut gen margr in sing a collect sense, both as subst and adj, many a (one) ; m maðr, many a person;
• vitandi pres part. vita to have sense, be conscious / to have sense, be conscious (hann var enn ei- gi ørendr, en vissi þó ekki); with gen., gráðugr halr, nema geðs viti, unless he has his senses about him;

feminine	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	mær	mærin	meyjar	meyjarnar
accusative	mey	meyina	meyjar	meyjarnar
dative	mey, meyju	meyinni, meyjunni	meyjum	meyjunum
genitive	meyjar	meyjarinnar	meyja	meyjanna

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	margr	mǫrg	margt, mart
accusative	margan	marga	margt, mart
dative	mǫrgum	margri	mǫrgu
genitive	margs	margrar	margs
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	margir	margar	mǫrg
accusative	marga	margar	mǫrg
dative	mǫrgum	mǫrgum	mǫrgum
genitive	margra	margra	margra

þrjár, ór þeim sal / er und þolli stendr;

three, from the hall / under tree stands;

• þrjár nom. f. pl. 3
• ór prep ór  +dat. out of, from
• þeim dat. m. sg. demonstr.
• sal dat. sg. salr m (genitive salar, plural salir) room, hall
• und undir prep under with dat. and acc.; with dat.
• þolli dat. sg. þollr, m. fir-tree, tree in general.
• stendr verb 3rd sg pres ind act standa to stand, opp to sitja or liggja

Urð hétu eina, / aðra Verðandi,

Urd hight the first, / the second Verdandi,

• Urð noun sg acc urðr weird, fate urðr (gen. -ar), f. weird, fate.
• hétu verb 3rd pl perf ind act heita to call give a name to; Grímni mik hétu, they called me G ; heitinn eptir e-m, called (named) after one;
• eina acc f. sg. 1
• aðra acc. f. sg annarr (not comparable) other, another, second, next
• Verðandi prés. part verða (singular past indicative varð, plural past indicative urðu, past participle orðinn) to become

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	annarr	ǫnnur	annat
accusative	annan	aðra	annat
dative	ǫðrum	annarri	ǫðru
genitive	annars	annarrar	annars
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	aðrir	aðrar	ǫnnur
accusative	aðra	aðrar	ǫnnur
dative	ǫðrum	ǫðrum	ǫðrum
genitive	annarra	annarra	annarra

skáru á skíði, / Skuld ina þriðju;

they ash-tablets graved, / Skuld hight the third;

• skáru verb 3rd pl perf ind act skera (sker; skar, skárum; sko- rinn), to cut / to carve, cut out (á brúðum stólsins var skorinn Þórr, ok var þat líkneski mikit);
• skíði noun sg dat skíð billet of wood, firewood (kljúfa s);
• Skuld skuld f (genitive singular skuldar, nominative plural skuldir) a debt (plural only, of a company) liabilities, guilt, skulu (first person singular present indicative skal, first person plural past subjunctive skyldi) shall, must
• ina acc. f. sg inn the
• þriðju the third

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	þriðji	þriðja	þriðja
accusative	þriðja	þriðju	þriðja
dative	þriðja	þriðju	þriðja
genitive	þriðja	þriðju	þriðja
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	þriðju	þriðju	þriðju
accusative	þriðju	þriðju	þriðju
dative	þriðju	þriðju	þriðju
genitive	þriðju	þriðju	þriðju

þær lög lögðu, / þær líf kuru

they laws made, / they life selected;

• þær nom. f. pl
• lög acc. pl. lög, n. pl. (1) law, laws, preordained fate / lag layer place
• lögðu 3pl. past leggja (singular past indicative lagði, plural past indicative lǫgðu, past participle lagðr) to lay, place, put, to allot, assign
• líf  noun sg acc líf life;
• kuru 3pl. past kjósa (kýs; kaus, køri and keyri; kusum and kurum; kosinn, kørinn), v. (1) to choose, select (valkyrjur ríða jaf- nan at k. val)

alda börnum, / örlög segja.

all the children / they destiny say.

• alda noun pl gen öld ǫld f (genitive aldar, plural aldir) time, age; cycle, period; gamla ö., the old cycle;  poet., men, people; alda börn, children of men.
• börnum noun pl dat barn bairn, child; barn n (genitive barns, plural bǫrn) child
• örlög örlög n pl (plurale tantum) destiny
• segja pres. 3pl. segja say, tell, declare, in an oath

neuter	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	barn	barnit	bǫrn	bǫrnin
accusative	barn	barnit	bǫrn	bǫrnin
dative	barni	barninu	bǫrnum	bǫrnunum
genitive	barns	barnsins	barna	barnanna

19.

Ask veit ek standa, / heitir Yggdrasill

Ash I know standing, / named Yggdrasill,

• veit 1sg. pres. vita (singular past indicative vissi, plural past indicative vissu, past participle vitaðr) to know
• standa inf. standa to stand
• heitir =heitr, part 3sg. pres, heita to call give a name to; Grímni mik hétu, they called me
• Yggdrasill yggr, a. anxious (yggt vas þeim síðan), drösull, m. poet. horse, = drasill.

hár baðmr, [ausinn / hvítaauri];

a lofty tree, laved / with limpid water:

• hár adj sg masc nom hár high
• baðmr baðmr, m. (1) tree; (2) bosom.
• ausinn past part. nom. sg. m. ausa to sprinkle, pour, with dat; þær taka hvern dag vatn i brunninum ok ausa (viz því) upp yfir askinn, Pour it over the ash-tree; a síld ór netjum, to empty the nets of the herrings; fig, a sauri á e-n, to bespatter with abuse; a e-m e-u í augu upp, to thro
• hvíta adj hvítr white
• auri dat. sg. aurr m (genitive aurs, plural aurar) moist earth, wet clay, mud

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	hvítr	hvítr	hvítt
accusative	hvítan	hvíta	hvítt
dative	hvítrum	hvítri	hvítru
genitive	hvíts	hvítrar	hvíts
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	hvítir	hvítar	hvítr
accusative	hvíta	hvítar	hvítr
dative	hvítrum	hvítrum	hvítrum
genitive	hvítra	hvítra	hvítra

masculine	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	aurr	aurrinn	aurar	aurarnir
accusative	aur	aurinn	aura	aurana
dative	auri	aurinum	aurum	aurunum
genitive	aurs	aursins	aura	auranna

þaðan koma döggvar / þærs í dala falla;

thence comes dew / that in dales fell;

• þaðan adv þaðan (not comparable) from there, thencewhite
• koma verb 3rd pl pres ind act koma to come (litlu síðarr kómu Finnar aptr heim);
• döggvar nom. pl. dögg (gen. döggvar, dat. dögg or döggu; pl. döggvar), f. dew; -fall, n. dew-fall, deposit of dew; -lauss, a. dew- less; -litr, a. besprinkled with dew;
• þærs =þær nom. f. pl. = döggvar
• í prep í into
• dala noun pl acc dalr dale, valley (djúpir dalir)
• falla verb 3rd pl pres ind act falla to fall

stendr æ yfir grœnn / [Urðar brunni].

stands always over / the green Urd’s well.

• stendr verb 3rd sg pres ind act standa to stand, opp to sitja or liggja (hann stóð við vegginn);
• æ adv. ever, at any time
• yfir prep yfir with dat and acc; I with dat over, above
• grœnn nom. m. sg. grœnn (comparative grœnni, superlative grœnstr) green, fresh
• Urðar wikipedia gen. f.
• brunni noun sg dat brunnr m. spring;

18.

Önd þau ne áttu, / óð þau ne höfðu,

Mind they not own, / reflection they had not,

• Önd noun sg acc önd f (genitive singular andar, nominative plural andir) breath, soul
• þau nom. acc. n. pl they
• ne adv ne a negative particle (poet.) with a verb,
• áttu 3pl. past. eiga (singular past indicative átti, plural past indicative áttu, past participle áttr) to have, to own
• óð noun sg acc óðr mind, soul, song, poetry
• höfðu verb 3rd pl perf ind act hafa to have

lá né læti / né litu góða;

no vision nor cover / or colour fine;

• lá acc. sg. lá, f. blood, warmth.
• læti læti n pl (plurale tantum) behaviour, (poetic) voice
• litu pl. acc. litr m (genitive litar, plural litir) colour
• góða adj pl masc acc góðr good, morally commendable

önd gaf Óðinn, / óð gaf Hœnir,

mind gave Odinn, / reflection gave Hænir,

• gaf wiktionary
• gaf verb 1st sg perf ind act gefa to give (g em et) ; hann gaf þeim góðar gjafar, he gave them good gifts ; g em ráð, to give one advice; g hljóð, to give a hearing; g em sök, et at sök, to lay to one’s charge, to bring a charge against one; g slög, to deal blows; g em drekka, to give one
• gaf verb 3rd sg perf ind act gefa to give (g em et) ; hann gaf þeim góðar gjafar, he gave them good gifts ; g em ráð, to give one advice; g hljóð, to give a hearing; g em sök, et at sök, to lay to one’s charge, to bring a charge against one; g slög, to deal blows; g em drekka, to give one
• Hœnir wiktionary

lá gaf Lóðurr / ok litu góða.

vision gave Lódurr / and colour fine.

• Lóðurr wiktionary

17.

Unz þrír kvámu / ór því liði

To three there came / from the land

• Unz conj unz till, until (glaðr skyli gumna hverr, usinn bíðr bana); til þess unz, until,
• þrír wiktionary
• kvámu 3pl. past koma to come, arrive
• ór ór (takes dative) out of, from
• því dat. sg. þat
• liði dat. sg. lið n (genitive liðs, plural lið) host, folk, people

 

infinitive	koma
present participle	komandi
past participle	kominn
indicative	present	past
1st-person singular	kem	kom, kvam
2nd-person singular	kemr	komt, kvamt
3rd-person singular	kemr	kom, kvam
1st-person plural	komum	kómum, kvámum
2nd-person plural	komið	kómuð, kvámuð
3rd-person plural	koma	kómu, kvámu

öflgir ok ástkir / æsir at húsi,

this high and mighty / Aesir to the house,

• öflgir nom. m. pl. ǫflugr (comparative ǫflgari, superlative ǫflgastr) strong, powerful
• ástkir nom. m. pl. ást-igr, a. dear, lovely; pl. contr. ást- gir, ástgar
• æsir nom. pl. áss m (genitive ásar, plural æsir) (Norse mythology) one of the gods, Æsir
• at prep at +dat. to
• húsi noun sg dat hús

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	ǫflugr	ǫflug	ǫflugt
accusative	ǫflgan	ǫflga	ǫflugt
dative	ǫflgum	ǫflugri	ǫflugra
genitive	ǫflugs	ǫflugrar	ǫflugs
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	ǫflgir	ǫflgar	ǫflug
accusative	ǫflga	ǫflgar	ǫflug
dative	ǫflgum	ǫflgum	ǫflgum
genitive	ǫflgra	ǫflgra	ǫflgra

neuter	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	hús	húsit	hús	húsin
accusative	hús	húsit	hús	húsin
dative	húsi	húsinu	húsum	húsunum
genitive	hús	húsins	húsa	húsanna

fundu á landi / lítt megandi

found they on land, / less mighty,

• fundu noun pl acc fundr finding, discovery (fundr fjárins, f islands);
• á prep. +dat. on, in
• landi noun sg dat land land, opp to sea; lands
• lítt Adverb lítt (comparative miður, superlative minnst) little, not very
• lítt adj sg neut nom lítt little; ek kann l til laga, I know but little of the law; hann nam lítt stað, he made a little stand;
• lítt adj sg neut acc lítt little; ek kann l til laga, I know but little of the law; hann nam lítt stað, he made a little stand;
• megandi present part. mega (preterite-present verb, third-person singular present indicative má, third-person singular past indicative mátti, supine mátt) (transitive, intransitive, governs the accusative) to be allowed, to be permitted, to may, /(intransitive) to must, to have to, / to have the strength, to be able, mega to be able to do, with acc; eigi eru Asynjur úhelgari ok eigi megu þær minna, they are not less powerful; svá at vér mættim ekki, so that we could do nothing; m betr, to be the stronger; m við em, to be able to withstand one (hann mun ekki m einn við mörg

Ask ok Emblu / örlöglausa.

Ask and Emblu / void of destiny.

• Ask noun sg acc askr ash, ash-tree; askr m (genitive asks, plural askar) ash (tree), wooden vessel or dish
• Emblu Embla (Norse mythology) Embla, A female given name
• örlöglausa örlög n pl (plurale tantum) destiny / lauss, a. loose, empty, free / ørlög-lauss, a. futureless, with fortune still undecided; -símu, n. pl., -þættir, m. pl. threads, strands of fate (snøru af afli -þáttu).

16.

Álfr ok Yngvi, / Eikinskjaldi,

Álfr and Yngvi, / Eikinskjaldi,

• Álfr =alfr m (genitive alfar, plural alfir) elf
• Yngvi Yngvi m (genitive Yngva) A god that may be the same as Freyr
• Eikinskjaldi eikinn ‎(“oaken”) +‎ skjǫldr ‎(“shield”), thus meaning “One with Oaken Shield” Völuspá 13

Fjalarr ok Frosti, / Finnr ok Ginnarr;

Fjalarr and Frosti, / Finnr and Ginnarr;

• Fjalarr Possibly related to Old Norse fjǫl ‎(“plank, deal, board”), therefore meaning “The Paneller”. Another possibility is the derivation from Old Norse fela ‎(“to hide, conceal”), thus meaning “The Spy” / Paneller. ‘block on which timber is split into panels,’ MnN Cp. fjǫI, ‘plank, board, panel,’ / Karl Millenhof suggests the meaning ‘spy,’ and derives it from fela, ‘to conceal,’ which he assumes had in addition the meaning of MnN fjela, ‘to spy.’ This lacks support.
• Frosti noun sg dat frost frost; f var veðrs, it was frosty weather; in pl, frost mikil ok kuldar, much frost and cold; frost ok snjóar, frost and snow /frost ‎(“frost”), thus meaning “Cold One”.
• Finnr finnr (“a Finn, a Sami”), originally a medieval byname. / Lapp, i.e. magician. Cp. finnr, originally (1) ‘finder, collector, i.e. a nomad who lived on what he found or killed,’ then (2) ‘a people at the cultural stage of the collector, the Lapps. Lapps were regardedas magicians by the Scandinavians.
• Ginnarr ‎ginna ‎(“to dupe, deceive”), thus meaning “The Deceiver”

þat mun æ uppi, / meðan öld lifir,

known shall be / while people lives,

• þat 3sg. it
• mun 2sg. imper muna
• æ adv. ever, at any time
• uppi adv uppi up;
• meðan conj meanwhile, as long as, while, whilst
• öld ǫld f (genitive aldar, plural aldir) (poetic) men, people
• lifir verb 3rd sg pres ind act lifa to be left (er þriðjungr lifði nætr); meðan öld lifir, while the world stands;

langniðja tal / Lofars hafat.

long-fathers reckoning, / the Lofars had.

• langniðja gen. sg. langr adj. long, niðji m (genitive singular niðja, nominative plural niðjar) (poetic) a descendant
• tal noun sg acc tal talk, parley, conversation; vera (sitja) á tali við e-n, to be (sit) talking with (ek hefi verit á tali við Hrafn ok Sturlu); eiga t við e-n, to have a talk with ; taka t sitt, taka t með sér, to begin to talk together; skilja talit, to cease talking; hél
• Lofars Lofarr m (genitive Lofars) lofa ‎(“to praise”), thus probably meaning “Praiseworthy One”. Völuspá 14
• hafat race

15.

Þar var Draupnir / ok Dólgþrasir,

There were Draupnir, / and Dólgthrasir,

• Þar adv. there, in that place
• var 3sg. past vera
• Draupnir drjúpa ‎(“to drip”), therefore meaning “Dripper” (of rings, thus a metaphor for goldsmith)
• Dólgþrasir  dólgr ‎(“enemy, fiend”) +‎ þrasir ‎(“snorter, one in rage”), the second element deriving from þrasa ‎(“to snort, rage”), thus meaning “Battle-eager”.

Hár, Haugspori, / Hlévangr, Glóinn,

Hár, Haugspori, / Hlévangr, Glóinn,

• Hár hár ‎(“high”), thus meaning “High One”
• Haugspori  haugr ‎(“burial mound, cairn”) +‎ spor ‎(“track, footprint”), thus meaning “Howe-treader”
• Hlévangr hlé ‎(“shelter, lee”) +‎ vangr ‎(“wong, plain, meadow”), thus meaning “Sheltered Plain”.
• Glóinn glóa ‎(“to glow”), thus meaning “Glowing One”

Dóri, Ori, / Dúfr, Andvari,

Dori, Ori, / Dúfr, Andvari,

• Dóri Etymology obscure, although a meaning “The Borer” is proposed.
• Ori óra ‎(“to rave, wrangle”), thus meaning “Raving One”
• Dúfr dúfa ‎(“dove”), thus meaning “Dove-like One”.
• Andvari andvari ‎(“gentle breeze; watchfulness, vigilance”), thus possibly meaning “Wind-wary” / A gentle breeze. Cp. andvari, (1) ‘a variety of fish, gurnard, miluus, (2) a gentle breeze, (3) watchfulness, vigilance,’ andi, ‘breath, breathing, a current of air,’ varr, ‘attentive, careful, watchful,’ andbldsinn, ‘in- flated,’ andhlaup, ‘suffocation,’ andlauss, ‘breathless, dead,’ andldt, ‘loss of breath, death / andvari care, anxiety

Skirfir, Virfir, / Skáfiðr, Ái.

Skirfir, Virfir, / Skafidr, Ai.

• Skirfir skirpa =skyrpa ‎(“to spit”), thus meaning “The Spitter”.
• Virfir Possibly related to Old Frisian verver ‎(“dyer”), thus meaning “The Dyer”, or created as a rhyme for Skirfir.
• Skáfiðr Skafiðr Slanting board or slat. Cp. MnI skár, ‘slanting, crooked,’ viðr, ‘board, slat, rung.’ / skár ‎(“open, good”) +‎ viðr ‎(“tree wood, board”), thus possibly meaning “Good Tree”
• Ái Great-grandfather. Cp. ai, idem.

14.

Mál er dverga / í Dvalins liði

Measure is the Dwarfs / in Dvalin’s flock

• mál acc. n (genitive máls, plural mál) measurement, size, time, meal, mealtime
• dverga noun pl gen dvergr dwarf (lágr ok digr sem d) ;
• í prep +dat.
• Dvalins gen. Dvalinn m (genitive Dvalins) (Norse mythology) name of a dwarf
• liði dat. liðr m member

neuter	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	mál	málit	mál	málin
accusative	mál	málit	mál	málin
dative	máli	málinu	málum	málunum
genitive	máls	málsins	mála	málanna

ljóna kindum / til Lofars telja,

the men of lions / and census Lofars;

• ljóna ljónar, m. pl. men (poet.).
• kindum kind f (genitive kindar, plural kindir or kindr) race, kind, kin
• til prep. +gen.
• Lofars lofa ‎(“to praise”), thus probably meaning “Praiseworthy One”.
• telja verb 1st sg pres subj act telja to count, number, trace one’s descent from ; þótt þú eigir frændsemi at t við mik, though thou canst reckon thyself my kith and kin ;

feminine	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	kind	kindin	kindir, kindr	kindirnar, kindrnar
accusative	kind	kindina	kindir, kindr	kindirnar, kindrnar
dative	kind	kindinni	kindum	kindunum
genitive	kindar	kindarinnar	kinda	kindanna

þeir er sóttu / frá salar steini

there they went / from temples rocks,

• þeir nom. m. pl. they
• sóttu past. 3pl sœkja ‎(singular past indicative sótti, plural past indicative sóttu, past participle sóttr) to seek, look for, search
• frá frá (with dative) from, away from, about
• á salar steina Völuspá 4
• steini noun sg dat steinn stone, boulder, rock (s einn mikill);

Aurvanga sjöt / til Jöruvalla.

to Aurvanga shoot, / and Joruvalla.

• Aurvanga Aurvangr Völuspá 13
• sjöt sjöt, n. pl. (1) abode, home; ragna s., the seat of the gods, the heavens; (2) company, host.,
• til prep. +gen.
• Jöruvalla Jǫruvǫllr m (genitive Jǫruvallar) jara ‎(“fight, battle”) + vǫllr ‎(“vale, field”), thus meaning “Battle-vale”. place-name

neuter	plural
	indefinite	definite
nominative	sjǫt	sjǫtin
accusative	sjǫt	sjǫtin
dative	sjǫtum	sjǫtunum
genitive	sjata	sjatanna

feminine	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	jara	jaran	jǫrur	jǫrurnar
accusative	jǫru	jǫruna	jǫrur	jǫranar
dative	jǫru	jǫrunni	jǫrum	jǫrunum
genitive	jǫru	jǫrunnar	jarna	jarnanna

masculine	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	vǫllr	vǫllrinn	vellir	vellirnir
accusative	vǫll	vǫllinn	vǫllu	vǫlluna
dative	velli	vellinum	vǫllum	vǫllunum
genitive	vallar	vallarins	valla	vallanna